P\u0159\u00edtomn\u00fd \u010das prost\u00fd, anglicky present simple<\/em>, pat\u0159\u00ed mezi prvn\u00ed gramatick\u00e9 \u010dasy, se kter\u00fdmi se za\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00edk setk\u00e1. Jeho v\u00fdznam je pom\u011brn\u011b snadn\u00fd: pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1me ho pro d\u011bje, kter\u00e9 se opakuj\u00ed, prob\u00edhaj\u00ed pravideln\u011b nebo vyjad\u0159uj\u00ed obecn\u011b platnou skute\u010dnost. Nejde tedy v\u011bt\u0161inou o to, co se odehr\u00e1v\u00e1 pr\u00e1v\u011b v tomto okam\u017eiku, ale o to, co je b\u011b\u017en\u00e9, zn\u00e1m\u00e9, trval\u00e9 nebo p\u0159edv\u00eddateln\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Pr\u00e1v\u011b proto se s t\u00edmto \u010dasem setk\u00e1me p\u0159i popisu denn\u00edho re\u017eimu, z\u00e1jm\u016f, pracovn\u00edch povinnost\u00ed, obl\u00edben\u00fdch \u010dinnost\u00ed i p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch z\u00e1konitost\u00ed. V u\u010debn\u00edch materi\u00e1lech pro za\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00edky na Jazykologcz.com je p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00fd \u010das prost\u00fd vysv\u011btlov\u00e1n jako forma pro n\u011bco jasn\u00e9ho a obvykl\u00e9ho, co nikoho nep\u0159ekvap\u00ed. Toto jednoduch\u00e9 pravidlo pom\u00e1h\u00e1 spr\u00e1vn\u00fd \u010das rychle rozpoznat.<\/p>\n

Kdy se p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00fd \u010das prost\u00fd pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1<\/h2>\n

Nej\u010dast\u011bji vyjad\u0159uje opakovan\u00e9 d\u011bje a n\u00e1vyky. Pokud n\u011bkdo ka\u017ed\u00e9 r\u00e1no vst\u00e1v\u00e1 v sedm hodin, m\u016f\u017eeme \u0159\u00edci I get up at seven every morning.<\/strong> Stejn\u00fd princip plat\u00ed pro pravideln\u00e9 sportov\u00e1n\u00ed, n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvu \u0161koly, pr\u00e1ci nebo volno\u010dasov\u00e9 aktivity.<\/p>\n

\n
• pravideln\u00e9 \u010dinnosti: We play tennis on Sundays.<\/strong> \u2013 V ned\u011bli hrajeme tenis;<\/li>\n
• ka\u017edodenn\u00ed zvyklosti: She drinks coffee before work.<\/strong> \u2013 P\u0159ed prac\u00ed pije k\u00e1vu;<\/li>\n
• obecn\u00e9 pravdy: Water boils at one hundred degrees.<\/strong> \u2013 Voda se va\u0159\u00ed p\u0159i sto stupn\u00edch;<\/li>\n
• trval\u00e9 stavy a n\u00e1zory: He lives in Brno.<\/strong> \u2013 \u017dije v Brn\u011b;<\/li>\n
• j\u00edzdn\u00ed \u0159\u00e1dy a pevn\u011b dan\u00e9 programy: The train leaves at six.<\/strong> \u2013 Vlak odj\u00ed\u017ed\u00ed v \u0161est.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

  P\u0159\u00edtomn\u00fd \u010das prost\u00fd se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 tak\u00e9 u sloves, kter\u00e1 popisuj\u00ed pocity, vlastnictv\u00ed, znalosti nebo n\u00e1zory. V\u011bta I know the answer<\/strong> znamen\u00e1 \u201eZn\u00e1m odpov\u011b\u010f\u201c a She loves pancakes<\/strong> znamen\u00e1 \u201eMiluje pala\u010dinky\u201c. Ne\u0159\u00edk\u00e1me t\u00edm, \u017ee se d\u011bj pr\u00e1v\u011b za\u010dal odehr\u00e1vat, ale popisujeme trval\u00fd vztah nebo skute\u010dnost.<\/p>\n

  \u010casto ho doprov\u00e1zej\u00ed v\u00fdrazy ur\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed \u010detnost. Pat\u0159\u00ed mezi n\u011b nap\u0159\u00edklad always<\/em> (v\u017edy), usually<\/em> (obvykle), often<\/em> (\u010dasto), sometimes<\/em> (n\u011bkdy), rarely<\/em> (z\u0159\u00eddka) a never<\/em> (nikdy). Setkat se m\u016f\u017eeme tak\u00e9 s \u010dasov\u00fdmi spojen\u00edmi every day<\/em>, once a week<\/em> nebo on Mondays<\/em>.<\/p>\n

  Jak se tvo\u0159\u00ed kladn\u00e1 oznamovac\u00ed v\u011bta<\/h2>\n

  V kladn\u00e9 v\u011bt\u011b pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1me z\u00e1kladn\u00ed tvar slovesa, kter\u00fd odpov\u00edd\u00e1 infinitivu bez \u010d\u00e1stice to<\/em>. U osob I<\/em>, you<\/em>, we<\/em> a they<\/em> se sloveso nem\u011bn\u00ed. \u0158ekneme tedy I read detective stories<\/strong>, You work in Prague<\/strong> nebo They study English<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

  V\u00fdjimkou je t\u0159et\u00ed osoba jednotn\u00e9ho \u010d\u00edsla, tedy he<\/em>, she<\/em> a it<\/em>. V tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b se ke slovesu obvykle p\u0159id\u00e1v\u00e1 koncovka -s<\/strong>:<\/p>\n

  \n
  1. I play<\/strong>, ale He plays<\/strong>;<\/li>\n
  2. We read<\/strong>, ale She reads<\/strong>;<\/li>\n
  3. They work<\/strong>, ale It works<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

     U n\u011bkter\u00fdch sloves je pravopisn\u00e1 zm\u011bna v\u00fdrazn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. Po koncovk\u00e1ch -s<\/em>, -sh<\/em>, -ch<\/em>, -x<\/em> a -o<\/em> obvykle p\u0159id\u00e1v\u00e1me -es<\/strong>: he watches<\/strong>, she washes<\/strong>, it goes<\/strong>. Pokud sloveso kon\u010d\u00ed na souhl\u00e1sku a y<\/em>, m\u011bn\u00ed se y<\/em> na i<\/em> a p\u0159id\u00e1v\u00e1 se -es<\/strong>: study \u2013 studies<\/strong>. Po samohl\u00e1sce z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 tvar b\u011b\u017en\u00fd, nap\u0159\u00edklad play \u2013 plays<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

     Na tuto koncovku je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 myslet, proto\u017ee jej\u00ed vynech\u00e1n\u00ed pat\u0159\u00ed mezi nej\u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00ed chyby. V\u011bta She speak French<\/strong> je nespr\u00e1vn\u011b; spr\u00e1vn\u011b zn\u00ed She speaks French<\/strong>. V\u00fdznam je stejn\u00fd jako v \u010desk\u00e9m p\u0159ekladu \u201eMarie mluv\u00ed francouzsky\u201c, ale angli\u010dtina vy\u017eaduje ozna\u010den\u00ed t\u0159et\u00ed osoby.<\/p>\n

     Z\u00e1por a ot\u00e1zka s pomocn\u00fdmi slovesy<\/h2>\n

     V z\u00e1porn\u00fdch v\u011bt\u00e1ch pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1me pomocn\u00e9 sloveso do<\/strong> a \u010d\u00e1stici not<\/strong>. U osob I<\/em>, you<\/em>, we<\/em> a they<\/em> vznik\u00e1 tvar do not<\/strong>, zkr\u00e1cen\u011b don\u2019t<\/strong>. Nap\u0159\u00edklad I don\u2019t have a dog<\/strong> znamen\u00e1 \u201eNem\u00e1m psa\u201c a They don\u2019t live here<\/strong> znamen\u00e1 \u201eBydl\u00ed zde\u201c v z\u00e1porn\u00e9 podob\u011b, tedy \u201eNebydl\u00ed zde\u201c.<\/p>\n

     U t\u0159et\u00ed osoby jednotn\u00e9ho \u010d\u00edsla pou\u017eijeme does not<\/strong>, zkr\u00e1cen\u011b doesn\u2019t<\/strong>: Mary doesn\u2019t speak French<\/strong> znamen\u00e1 \u201eMarie nemluv\u00ed francouzsky\u201c. Jakmile se objev\u00ed does<\/strong>, hlavn\u00ed sloveso u\u017e koncovku -s<\/strong> nem\u00e1. Spr\u00e1vn\u011b tedy He doesn\u2019t work<\/strong>, nikoli He doesn\u2019t works<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

     Stejn\u00e1 pomocn\u00e1 slovesa pot\u0159ebujeme p\u0159i tvorb\u011b ot\u00e1zek. Na za\u010d\u00e1tek v\u011bty vlo\u017e\u00edme do<\/strong> nebo does<\/strong>, za n\u00edm n\u00e1sleduje podm\u011bt a z\u00e1kladn\u00ed tvar slovesa:<\/p>\n

     Do you swim in summer?<\/strong> znamen\u00e1 \u201ePlave\u0161 v l\u00e9t\u011b?\u201c a Does he know about it?<\/strong> znamen\u00e1 \u201eV\u00ed o tom?\u201c Tak\u00e9 zde plat\u00ed, \u017ee po does<\/strong> u\u017e nep\u0159id\u00e1v\u00e1me ke slovesu -s<\/strong>. Proto je spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 Does she like music?<\/strong>, nikoli Does she likes music?<\/strong><\/p>\n

     P\u0159ehledn\u00e9 vysv\u011btlen\u00ed rozd\u00edlu mezi kladnou v\u011btou, z\u00e1porem a ot\u00e1zkou nab\u00edz\u00ed tak\u00e9 lekce present simple<\/a><\/strong>, kter\u00e1 je ur\u010dena p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm za\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00edk\u016fm a pracuje s kr\u00e1tk\u00fdmi praktick\u00fdmi p\u0159\u00edklady.<\/p>\n

     Slovosled a m\u00edsto p\u0159\u00edslovc\u00ed \u010detnosti<\/h2>\n

     V oznamovac\u00ed v\u011bt\u011b stoj\u00ed p\u0159\u00edslovce \u010detnosti obvykle p\u0159ed v\u00fdznamov\u00fdm slovesem: I often read in the evening<\/strong> nebo She usually walks to work<\/strong>. U slovesa to be<\/em> je jeho um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed jin\u00e9, proto\u017ee p\u0159\u00edslovce n\u00e1sleduje a\u017e za slovesem: He is always tired<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

     \u010casov\u00e9 \u00fadaje jako every morning<\/em>, on Fridays<\/em> nebo once a month<\/em> se \u010dasto objevuj\u00ed na konci v\u011bty. Lze je v\u0161ak p\u0159esunout na za\u010d\u00e1tek, pokud chceme zd\u016fraznit pravidelnost: Every Saturday, we visit our grandparents.<\/strong> Z hlediska v\u00fdznamu je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9, aby poslucha\u010d pochopil, \u017ee nejde o jednor\u00e1zovou ud\u00e1lost.<\/p>\n

     Pozor je t\u0159eba d\u00e1vat na rozd\u00edl mezi p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00fdm \u010dasem prost\u00fdm a pr\u016fb\u011bhov\u00fdm. V\u011bta I read every evening<\/strong> popisuje zvyk, tedy pravidelnou \u010dinnost. Naproti tomu I am reading now<\/strong> vyjad\u0159uje \u010dinnost prob\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00ed pr\u00e1v\u011b v tomto okam\u017eiku. Slovo now<\/em> proto \u010dasto upozor\u0148uje na pr\u016fb\u011bhov\u00fd \u010das, zat\u00edmco usually<\/em>, often<\/em> nebo every day<\/em> podporuj\u00ed pou\u017eit\u00ed \u010dasu prost\u00e9ho.<\/p>\n

     Nej\u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00ed chyby a \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9 procvi\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h2>\n

     Za\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00edci nej\u010dast\u011bji zapom\u00ednaj\u00ed na koncovku ve t\u0159et\u00ed osob\u011b, p\u0159id\u00e1vaj\u00ed ji v\u0161ak n\u011bkdy i tam, kde pat\u0159it nem\u00e1. Chybn\u00e9 je nap\u0159\u00edklad They plays football<\/strong>, proto\u017ee podm\u011bt they<\/em> vy\u017eaduje z\u00e1kladn\u00ed tvar play<\/strong>. Dal\u0161\u00ed probl\u00e9m vznik\u00e1 p\u0159i kombinaci pomocn\u00e9ho slovesa a hlavn\u00edho slovesa: po does<\/strong> mus\u00ed n\u00e1sledovat know<\/strong>, nikoli knows<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

     P\u0159i u\u010den\u00ed je u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9 vytv\u00e1\u0159et kr\u00e1tk\u00e9 trojice v\u011bt se stejn\u00fdm slovesem. Nejprve napi\u0161te kladn\u00e9 tvrzen\u00ed, potom z\u00e1por a nakonec ot\u00e1zku. Nap\u0159\u00edklad: She likes tea. She doesn\u2019t like coffee. Does she like milk?<\/strong> Takov\u00e9 cvi\u010den\u00ed uk\u00e1\u017ee, kde se objevuje koncovka -s<\/strong> a kde ji naopak p\u0159eb\u00edr\u00e1 pomocn\u00e9 sloveso.<\/p>\n

     Dobr\u00e9 je tak\u00e9 popsat sv\u016fj b\u011b\u017en\u00fd den p\u011bti a\u017e deseti v\u011btami. Za\u010dn\u011bte jednoduch\u00fdmi tvrzen\u00edmi, nap\u0159\u00edklad kdy vst\u00e1v\u00e1te, co sn\u00edd\u00e1te, kam chod\u00edte a co d\u011bl\u00e1te ve\u010der. Potom p\u0159idejte v\u00fdrazy \u010detnosti a n\u011bkolik z\u00e1porn\u00fdch v\u011bt. Vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00ed port\u00e1l Jazykologcz.com k t\u00e9matu nab\u00edz\u00ed krom\u011b gramatick\u00fdch vysv\u011btlen\u00ed tak\u00e9 testy, materi\u00e1ly ke sta\u017een\u00ed a v\u00fdukov\u00e1 videa, tak\u017ee si lze pravidlo procvi\u010dit r\u016fzn\u00fdmi zp\u016fsoby.<\/p>\n

     Nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed je zapamatovat si t\u0159i z\u00e1kladn\u00ed z\u00e1sady: p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00fd \u010das prost\u00fd popisuje pravidelnost nebo obecnou pravdu, ve t\u0159et\u00ed osob\u011b kladn\u00e9 v\u011bty p\u0159id\u00e1v\u00e1me ke slovesu -s<\/strong> a v ot\u00e1zk\u00e1ch i z\u00e1porech pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1me do<\/strong> nebo does<\/strong>. Jakmile se tento vzorec spoj\u00ed s ka\u017edodenn\u00edmi p\u0159\u00edklady, stane se jedn\u00edm z nejspolehliv\u011bj\u0161\u00edch z\u00e1klad\u016f anglick\u00e9 gramatiky.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

     P\u0159\u00edtomn\u00fd \u010das prost\u00fd, anglicky present simple, pat\u0159\u00ed mezi prvn\u00ed gramatick\u00e9 \u010dasy, se kter\u00fdmi se za\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00edk setk\u00e1. Jeho v\u00fdznam je pom\u011brn\u011b snadn\u00fd: pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1me ho pro d\u011bje, kter\u00e9 se opakuj\u00ed, prob\u00edhaj\u00ed pravideln\u011b…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":15,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[439],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-546311","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-fugu-casino"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.startmetricservices.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/546311","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.startmetricservices.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.startmetricservices.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.startmetricservices.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/15"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.startmetricservices.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=546311"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.startmetricservices.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/546311\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":546313,"href":"https:\/\/www.startmetricservices.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/546311\/revisions\/546313"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.startmetricservices.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=546311"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.startmetricservices.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=546311"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.startmetricservices.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=546311"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}